The Objects To Which We Refer
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ntil just a few decades ago, it was commonplace to see expressions like the following in footnotes (and sometimes the list of bibliographic references) in newly-published scholarly papers:
et. seq. •
ibid. •
loc. cit. •
op. cit.
And, of course, this type of expression is endemic in the
older literature.
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Why it is Important to Recognize these Expressions
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hese expressions typically occur in a footnote in an article (or monograph), although they are sometimes found in the bibliography at the end of the document.
If you do not recognize the significance of these expressions, you may end up believing that one of these expressions (like ibid) is actually part of a journal name or book name. If this happens, then you will have difficulty identifying the item that is being cited.
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Geographical Considerations
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t appears that Latin expressions are favoured in scholarly literature written in
English and
Romance languages (e.g. French, Italian, Spanish). On the other hand., at least some of the
older literature in German has its own expressions - and
similarly for Dutch literature. As it happens, we have found
nothing similar for Scandinavian languages.
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